The STOCK Act is an original bill to prohibit members of Congress and employees of Congress from using private information derived from their official positions for personal benefit, and for other purposes. With this bill in place, members of Congress are no longer allowed to use information garnered through official business for personal reasons.
Full Answer
What is the STOCK Act?
The STOCK Act was structured as an amendment to a pre-existing law, namely the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, which was passed in the wake of the infamous Watergate scandal.
What is the legal definition of stock corporation?
Stock Corporation Law and Legal Definition. Stock Corporation is a corporation in which the capital is contributed by the shareholders and divided into shares represented by certificates. This allows for the ownership of the corporation to be readily determined because shares are property and are transferable as any other property such as money,...
What are securities laws?
Securities laws, or stock laws are the federal laws and regulations that govern the purchase, sale, and creation of a security interest. These laws derive from the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to purchase.
What is a stock?
What Is a Stock? A stock (also known as equity) is a security that represents the ownership of a fraction of a corporation. This entitles the owner of the stock to a proportion of the corporation's assets and profits equal to how much stock they own. Units of stock are called "shares.".
Derivation
Heuristic Proof
Other types of Stokes flow
What is Stokes Law in simple definition?
1 : a law in physics: the frequency of luminescence excited by radiation does not exceed that of the exciting radiation. 2 : a law in physics: the force required to move a sphere through a given viscous fluid at a low uniform velocity is directly proportional to the velocity and radius of the sphere.
What is Stokes law used for?
Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of the liquid, Stokes' law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid. A series of steel ball bearings of different diameters are normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation.
What is stock law finding an expression?
Solution : According to stokes law, the backward viscous force acting on a small spherical body of radius r moving with velocity v through fluid of viscosity `eta`is given by ` F = 6 x eta r v`. Terminal velocity is the maximum Uniform velocity of the spherical body moving in a fluid.
What is Stokes law in chemical engineering?
Stoke's Law is an equation that expresses the settling velocities of small spherical particles in a fluid medium. The law is established by taking into account the forces acting on a certain particle as it falls through a liquid column under the influence of gravity.
What is Stoke Law Class 11?
Stoke's Law states that the force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the velocity and the radius of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid.
What is viscosity of liquid?
Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape or movement of neighbouring portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow.
What is Stokes method physics?
Stoke's law was established by an English scientist Sir George G Stokes (1819-1903). When a spherical body moves down through an infinite column of highly viscous liquid, it drags the layer of the liquid in contact with it. As a result, the body experiences a retarding force.
What is critical velocity?
Definition of critical velocity : the greatest velocity with which a fluid can flow through a given conduit without becoming turbulent.
What is Newton's law of viscosity?
Newton's law of viscosity defines the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of a fluid subjected to a mechanical stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant, for a given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity.
What is viscous drag?
Viscous drag is caused due to viscosity of fluid. Viscosity is resistance of fluids (liquids and gases) to flow. If a fluid is in laminar flow around an obstacle, it exerts viscous drag on that obstacle. Eaxmple: The viscous drag of oil is more than water.
Statement of the law
The force of viscosity on a small sphere moving through a viscous fluid is given by:
Applications
Stokes' law is the basis of the falling-sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube.
Derivation
In Stokes flow, at very low Reynolds number, the convective acceleration terms in the Navier–Stokes equations are neglected. Then the flow equations become, for an incompressible steady flow:
Other types of Stokes flow
This section is about steady Stokes flow around a sphere. For the forces on a sphere in unsteady Stokes flow, see Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation.
What is a share of common stock?
A share of common stock is quite literally a share in the business, a partial claim to ownership of the firm. Owning a share of common stock provides a number of rights and privileges. These include sharing in the income of the firm, exercising a voice in the management of the firm, and holding a claim on the assets of the firm.
What is a common stockholder?
The common stockholder has a claim on the assets of the firm. This is an undifferentiated or general claim which does not apply to any specific asset. The claim cannot be exercised except at the breakup of the firm. The firm may be dissolved by a vote of the stockholders, or by bankruptcy. In either case, there is a well-defined priority in which the liabilities of the firm will be met. The common stockholders have the lowest priority, and receive a distribution only if prior claims are paid in full. For this reason the common stockholder is referred to as the residual owner of the firm.
What is preferred stock?
Preferred stock is sometimes called a hybrid, since it has some of the properties of equity and some of the properties of debt. Like debt, the cash flows to be received are specified in advance. Unlike debt, these specified flows are in the form of promises rather than of legal obligations. It is not unusual for firms to have several issues of preferred stock outstanding, with differing characteristics. Other differences arise in the areas of control and claims on assets.
Why are foreign stocks increasing?
One motivation behind this increase is that national economies are not perfectly correlated, so that greater diversification is possible than with a purely domestic portfolio. Another reason is that a number of foreign economies are growing, or are expected to grow, rapidly. Additionally, a number of developing countries have consciously promoted the development of secondary markets as an aid to economic development. Finally, developments in communications and an increasing familiarity with international affairs and opportunities has reduced the hesitance of investors to venture into what once was unfamiliar territory.
What are the two types of securities issued by a corporation?
Securities issued by a corporation are classified as debt, equity, or some hybrid of these two forms. Debt usually takes the form of a loan and must be repaid; equity usually takes the form of an ownership claim upon the corporation. The two main types of equity claims are common stock and preferred stock, although there are also related claims, such as rights, warrants, and convertible securities. Growing companies, which tend to lack the assets necessary to secure debt, often decide to issue equity securities. Although issuing common stock can be traumatic for a small business—because it can be costly, and because it causes a dramatic redistribution of ownership and control—it can also provide a solid foundation upon which to build a company. Preferred stock offers holders priority in receiving dividends and in claiming assets in the event of business liquidation, but it also lacks the voting rights afforded to common stockholders. Many venture capitalists require convertible preferred stock—which can be converted to common stock at some time in the future at a favorable price—as incentive to invest in start-up ventures.
Do preferred stockholders have voting rights?
Under normal circumstances, preferred stockholders do not have any voting power. As a result, they have little control over or direct influence on the conduct of the firm. Some minimal control would be provided by the indenture under which the stock was issued, and would be exercised passively—i.e., the trustees for the issue would be responsible for assuring that all conditions were observed. In some circumstances, the conditions of the issue could result in increased control on the part of the preferred stockholders. For instance, it is not unusual for the preferred stockholders to be given voting rights if more than a specified number of preferred dividends are skipped. Other provisions may restrict the payment of common dividends if certain conditions are not met. Preferred stockholders also may have a preemptive right.
Is preferred stock par value?
The par value of a preferred stock is not related to market value, except that it is often used to define the dividend. Since the cash flow of dividends to preferred stockholders is specified, valuation of preferred stock is much simpler than for common stock. The valuation techniques are actually similar to those used for bonds, drawing heavily on the present value concept. The required rate of return on preferred stock is closely correlated with interest rates, but is above that of bonds because the bond payments are contractual obligations. As a result, preferred stock prices fluctuate with interest rates. The introduction of adjustable-rate preferred stock is an attempt to reduce this price sensitivity to interest rates.
What is the stock act?
The STOCK Act is an original bill to prohibit members of Congress and employees of Congress from using private information derived from their official positions for personal benefit, and for other purposes.
When was the stock act amended?
The STOCK Act was modified on April 15, 2013, by S.716. This amendment modifies the online disclosure portion of the STOCK Act, so that some officials, but not the President, Vice President, Congress, or anyone running for Congress, can no longer file online and their records are no longer easily accessible to the public.
What act prohibits individuals from filing financial disclosure reports?
Amends the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to prohibit individuals required to file financial disclosure reports under EGA from purchasing securities that are the subject of an initial public offering in any manner other than is available to members of the public generally.
What is section 5 of the Commodity Exchange Act?
Amends the Commodity Exchange Act to apply to Members and congressional employees, or to judicial officers or employees its prohibitions against certain transactions, involving the purchase or sale of any commodity in interstate commerce, or for future delivery, or any swap.
Why did Obama use the stock act?
Obama regards the STOCK act as a way to monitor congressional activity and create transparency within the branch. He spoke to this point by adding, "It's the notion that the powerful shouldn't get to create one set of rules for themselves and another set of rules for everybody else. ...
What is the mortgage disclosure act?
The Act also requires members of Congress and Executive branch officials to disclose the terms of mortgages on their homes, prohibits them from receiving special access to initial public stock offerings, and denies federal pensions to members of Congress who are convicted of felonies involving public corruption .
How long does it take to file a report for a stock exchange?
Section 6. Amends the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (EGA) to require specified individuals to file reports within 30 to 45 days after receiving notice of a purchase, sale, or exchange which exceeds $1,000 in stocks, bonds, commodities futures, and other forms of securities, subject to any waivers and exclusions.
What was the stock act?
The STOCK Act was structured as an amendment to a pre-existing law, namely the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, which was passed in the wake of the infamous Watergate scandal.
What is the purpose of the Stock Act?
The purpose of the STOCK Act was to ensure that the general prohibition against insider trading applies to members of Congress and other federal employees, including the president, vice president, and certain other members of the executive branch . Bipartisan Support.
How long does it take to file a stock act?
This included mandating filings within 45 days of any material gains, as well as the disclosure of home mortgage terms.
How did the Stock Act pass?
Bipartisan Support. The STOCK Act was passed with overwhelming bipartisan support. In the Senate, it passed by a 96-3 vote. Its support in the House of Representatives was even more widespread, passing with a margin of 417-2 votes.
When was the stock act amended?
In April 2013, Congress amended the STOCK Act, loosening its financial disclosure requirements and making it more difficult for members of the public to access the required filings.
When was the Stop Trading Act passed?
The act was passed in April 2012, during the presidency of Barack Obama .
Is insider trading legal?
Many people may be surprised to learn that until recently, trading based on material nonpublic information—otherwise known as insider trading—was both legal and commonplace among members of Congress.
What is stock ownership?
What is Stock? If an individual owns stock, they have a share of ownership in a company. They are also entitled to a share of the company’s assets or earnings. The more stock an individual owns, the more assets or earnings they are entitled. There are two different kinds of stock, common and preferred. Common stock is, as the name suggests, the ...
What is the right of a stockholder?
A stockholder, or shareholder, has the right to a share of the company’s earnings. They also have voting rights which may be used to vote on certain corporate decisions, such as the election of the board of directors. This may sound like a large amount of power, but that depends on how many shares the stockholder owns.
What is the difference between common stock and preferred stock?
One major difference between preferred and common stock is that common stock has variable returns while preferred stock has a guaranteed, fixed dividend.
Why do investment disputes arise?
Because the majority of investments are secured through the use of a contract, many investment disputes arise over a breach of the contract terms. For example, there may be a dispute over the price of an investment. Common types of investment disputes that are directly related to the investment may involve:
What are the great aspects of stock?
One of the great aspects of stock is that it has limited liability. If the company experiences a financial hardship and creditors are involved, the most a stockholder may lose is their investment in the stock.
How do stock prices change?
Stock prices may change based on the economic concept of supply and demand. The more stock that is purchased, the higher the stock price increases. The inverse is also true. The less the stock is purchased, the more the price will decrease.
What is demand for stock?
The demand for a stock is usually affected by what investors believe the company is worth. A stock is a type of security. Securities also include bonds, debentures, and other interests that involve an investment with a return primarily or exclusively dependent on the efforts of an individual other than the investor.
What is stock in business?
A stock is a form of security that indicates the holder has proportionate ownership in the issuing corporation. Corporations issue (sell) stock to raise funds to operate their businesses.
What is stock in a corporation?
What Is a Stock? A stock (also known as equity) is a security that represents the ownership of a fraction of a corporation. This entitles the owner of the stock to a proportion of the corporation's assets and profits equal to how much stock they own. Units of stock are called "shares.".
What are the two types of stock?
There are two main types of stock: common and preferred. Common stock usually entitles the owner to vote at shareholders' meetings and to receive any dividends paid out by the corporation. Preferred stockholders generally do not have voting rights, though they have a higher claim on assets and earnings than the common stockholders. For example, owners of preferred stock (such as Larry Page) receive dividends before common shareholders and have priority in the event that a company goes bankrupt and is liquidated. 2
What do shareholders own?
What shareholders actually own are shares issued by the corporation; and the corporation owns the assets held by a firm. So if you own 33% of the shares of a company, it is incorrect to assert that you own one-third of that company; it is instead correct to state that you own 100% of one-third of the company’s shares.
What is a shareholder in a corporation?
In other words, a shareholder is now an owner of the issuing company.
Why do companies issue stock?
Stocks are issued by companies to raise capital, paid-up or share , in order to grow the business or undertake new projects. There are important distinctions between whether somebody buys shares directly from the company when it issues them (in the primary market) or from another shareholder (on the secondary market ).
How is ownership determined?
Ownership is determined by the number of shares a person owns relative to the number of outstanding shares. For example, if a company has 1,000 shares of stock outstanding and one person owns 100 shares, that person would own and have claim to 10% of the company's assets and earnings. 2 .
DISCO to Announce Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2021 Financial Results on February 24, 2022
AUSTIN, Texas, February 03, 2022--Legal technology leader CS Disco, Inc. ("DISCO") (NYSE: LAW) today announced that it will report its financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 after market close on Thursday, February 24, 2022.
A Look At The Intrinsic Value Of CS Disco, Inc. (NYSE:LAW)
Today we will run through one way of estimating the intrinsic value of CS Disco, Inc. ( NYSE:LAW ) by taking the...
Overview
Applications
Stokes' law is the basis of the falling-sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocit…
Statement of the law
The force of viscosity on a small sphere moving through a viscous fluid is given by:
where:
• Fd is the frictional force – known as Stokes' drag – acting on the interface between the fluid and the particle
• μ is the dynamic viscosity (some authors use the symbol η)
Derivation
In Stokes flow, at very low Reynolds number, the convective acceleration terms in the Navier–Stokes equations are neglected. Then the flow equations become, for an incompressible steady flow:
where:
• p is the fluid pressure (in Pa),
Other types of Stokes flow
Although the liquid is static and the sphere is moving with a certain velocity, with respect to the frame of sphere, the sphere is at rest and liquid is flowing in the opposite direction to the motion of the sphere.
See also
• Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
• Scientific laws named after people
• Drag equation
• Viscometry
• Equivalent spherical diameter
Sources
• Batchelor, G.K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66396-2.
• Lamb, H. (1994). Hydrodynamics (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45868-9. Originally published in 1879, the 6th extended edition appeared first in 1932.