What is the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) market?
The Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) market contains the report's restraints, opportunities, challenges, and drivers. The driver factors help represent that the macro driver can compel changes at the global Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) industry level.
What is KLH in keyhole limpet?
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying, metalloprotein that is found in the hemolymph of the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, a species of keyhole limpet that lives off the coast of California, from Monterey Bay to Isla Asuncion off Baja California. 1 Protein properties.
What is the EMD code for keyhole limpet hemocyanin?
EMDB entry EMD-1569. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying, metalloprotein that is found in the hemolymph of the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, a species of keyhole limpet that lives off the coast of California, from Monterey Bay to Isla Asuncion off Baja California.
What is the KLH protein?
The KLH protein is potently immunogenic, but does not cause an adverse immune response in humans. It is therefore highly prized as a vaccine carrier protein. Because of its size and glycosylation, KLH protein cannot be reproduced synthetically; it is available only as a purified biological product from the keyhole limpet Megathura crenulata .
What other stocks do shareholders of Stellar Biotechnologies own?
Based on aggregate information from My MarketBeat watchlists, some companies that other Stellar Biotechnologies investors own include XOMA (XOMA)...
What is Stellar Biotechnologies' stock symbol?
Stellar Biotechnologies trades on the Canadian Venture Exchange (CVE) under the ticker symbol "KLH."
How do I buy shares of Stellar Biotechnologies?
Shares of KLH and other Canadian stocks can be purchased through an online brokerage account. Popular online brokerages with access to the Canadian...
What is Stellar Biotechnologies' official website?
The official website for Stellar Biotechnologies is stellarbiotechnologies.com .
How can I contact Stellar Biotechnologies?
Stellar Biotechnologies' mailing address is 332 E Scott St, PORT HUENEME, CA 93041-2939, United States . The biotechnology company can be reached...
What is KLH in chemistry?
KLH: Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin. The hemocyanin produced from the hemolymph sera of the marine mollusk Giant Keyhole Limpet, Megathura crenulata, has been in use and marketed as a crude or partially purified product for over 40 years by some chemical companies. This molecule is well recognized and commonly abbreviated as KLH.
What is KLH used for?
The crude research grade KLH is used in antibody production in animals against antigens. The animal sera containing the antibody for the antigen are further processed and used as immunological reagents or in immunological assays.
What is the molecular mass of KLH?
The native KLH is a cylindrical copper containing blue protein with a molecular mass ranging from 8-32 MDa (Million Dalton). Electron microscopy structural studies reveal presence of two oligomeric forms:
What are the properties of a keyhole limpet?
Protein properties. There are two keyhole limpet hemocyanin genes, termed KLH1 and KLH2 which share around 60% identity at the protein level. Both encode large glycosylated proteins consisting of around 3400 amino acids and a molecular weight of around 390,000 Daltons, excluding the glycosylation. The protein oligomerises to form ...
What is KLH used for?
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is used extensively as a carrier protein in the production of antibodies for research, biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Haptens are substances with a low molecular weight such as peptides, small proteins and drug molecules that are generally not immunogenic and require the aid ...
What is the process of purifying KLH?
Purification. KLH is purified from the hemolymph of Megathura crenulata by a series of steps that typically includes ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis , and may involve chromatographic purification to obtain the highest purity.
Where is the KLH found?
EMDB entry EMD-1569. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying, metalloprotein that is found in the hemolymph of the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, a species of keyhole limpet that lives off the coast of California, from Monterey Bay to Isla Asuncion off Baja California.
Can haptens be conjugated to KLH?
Haptens can be coupled to KLH using several methods. A simple one-step coupling can be performed using the carbodiimide crosslinker EDC to covalently attach carboxyls to primary amines. This method is the simplest to perform and the "random" orientation allows for antibody generation against all possible epitopes, but it generally results in some degree of polymerization, which decreases solubility making the conjugate more difficult to handle.
Can KLH be reproduced?
It is therefore highly prized as a vaccine carrier protein. Because of its size and glycosylation, KLH protein cannot be reproduced synthetically; it is available only as a purified biological product from the keyhole limpet Megathura crenulata .
Vaccines and Immunogen Conjugates
Perhaps the most popular carrier protein is KLH, which has been used as part of immunogen conjugates for antibody production, infectious disease vaccines, and anti-cancer vaccines ( Chen et al., 2011; Aarntzen et al., 2012).
Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus
An increased level of γ-globulin is observed in the serum of mice between 6 and 10 days after LDV infection. Data obtained by Notkins ( Notkins et al., 1966a ,b; Notkins, 1966b) show that this increase is due to the synthesis of anti-LDV antibody and not to a decrease in the rate of clearance of γ-globulins.
B Cells
Events such as somatic hypermutation in the germinal center allow for de novo generation of self-reactive B cells that are not subject to central tolerance mechanisms that take place in the bone marrow.
Loading DCs with Ag
T-cell help is important in the activation of CD8 + CTL, the role of helper epitopes for loading DCs has been examined in a number of studies.
DC-based cancer vaccines: lessons from clinical trials
During the follow-up of our NHL trials, a subsequent trial was initiated enrolling 26 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who had minimal residual disease after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous PBPC transplant (3–9 months prior to vaccination).
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH): a biomedical review
In some pulmonate gastropods hemocyanin biosynthesis occurs in the connective tissue “pore cells”, characteristically large cells with much endoplasmic reticulum and a distinctive fenestrated/pore surface, found widely dispersed throughout the tissues.
Social stress, immune functions and disease in rodents
Social defeat or victory is also able to modulate Ig production. Particularly, in older studies social defeat was reliably associated with lower IgG in rats [54], while augmentation of antibody titers was sometimes observed in dominant/winner mice [83].